Court Blocks DOGE’s Treasury Access, Adding Credence To CFAA Claims

Early Saturday morning a judge imposed an emergency temporary restraining order in response to the State of New York v. Trump litigation. This particular lawsuit was brought by several (blue) state attorney generals against Trump, Secretary of the Treasury Scott Bessent, and the Treasury department itself. The order, in short, tells DOGE to get out of Treasury systems.

[T]he defendants are (i) restrained from granting access to any Treasury Department payment record, payment systems, or any other data systems maintained by the Treasury Department containing personally identifiable information and/or confidential financial information of payees, other than to civil servants with a need for access to perform their job duties within the Bureau of Fiscal Services who have passed all background checks and security clearances and taken all information security training called for in federal statutes and Treasury Department regulations; (ii) restrained from granting access to all political appointees, special government employees, and government employees detailed from an agency outside the Treasury Department, to any Treasury Department payment record, payment systems, or any other data systems maintained by the Treasury Department containing personally identifiable information and/or confidential financial information of payees; and (iii) ordered to direct any person prohibited above from having access to such information, records and systems but who has had access to such information, records, and systems since January 20, 2025, to immediately destroy any and all copies of material downloaded from the Treasury Department’s records and systems, if any[.]

We now watch and wait whether Bessent and his department remove the access that it had allowed DOGE staff to obtain, and whether DOGE staff fully relinquish it. If the former does not happen we will be facing new Constitutional crises, if the Administration refuses to abide by a lawful court order. But while Trump might be perfectly willing to play a game of contempt chicken, Bessent might not be. This order requires him to take these steps, and his boss has no lawful authority to order him to ignore it. Trump could in theory fire him if he does, but the court could also fine or even potentially jail him if he does not. (It also puts any DOJ lawyers in a bind. When they show up to the hearing next week to argue why DOGE should not be further enjoined from working in Treasury’s computer systems they will have a hard time explaining why anyone described by this injunction, which in theory is intended to reach everyone Musk has tasked, had not already left them.) We’ll have to wait to see what happens.

But even at this junction it casts some fresh light on the question of whether a Computer Fraud and Abuse Claim could be brought against Musk or his DOGE team. As I wrote before, the authorization Trump empowered them with to demand the access they took was likely forbidden by law. As such, the access they took was likely “without authorization” for purposes of the CFAA statute. This decision does two things to further that argument.

First, the court recognizes the legitimacy of the argument:

The States’ lawsuit challenges a new policy by the United States Department of the Treasury, at the direction of the President and the Secretary of the Treasury, which, as alleged, expands access to the payment systems of the Bureau of Fiscal Services (BFS) to political appointees and “special government employees.” The States contend that this policy, inter alia, violates the Administrative Procedure Act (“APA”), 5 U.S.C. §§ 551 et seq., in multiple respects; exceeds the statutory authority of the Department of the Treasury; violates the separation of powers doctrine; and violates the Take Care Clause of the United States Constitution. The States seek declaratory and injunctive relief. […] [F]or the reasons given by the States, the States have shown a likelihood of success on the merits of their claims, with the States’ statutory claims presenting as particularly strong.

Second, the court has now imposed a TRO on Trump and Bessent, so even if it could have been argued that they did have authority to grant the access before the TRO, they definitely don’t have the authority to grant it now. Perhaps they could reclaim it in a week, assuming Trump and Bessent are able to prevail at the hearing that is scheduled for February 14 to consider whether the restraining order should be converted into a preliminary injunction, but for right now it’s on at least a short pause, because that’s what TROs do: put things on pause when there’s a likelihood of harm before the parties can finally be heard.

The TRO does not directly bind Musk or any of his DOGErs. So it may not put them, absent more from the court, in jeopardy of contempt if they fail to abide by the order and surrender their access (and also destroy any data they exfiltrated, as the TRO also requires). But it would just further their renegade status for CFAA purposes if they fail to conform with a court order constraining their power to have any sort of access, let alone control, of the Treasury department’s computer systems, when anyone in a position of authority to allow it now must forbid it.

At which point the two main sticking points for whether they can be held liable under the CFAA are who has standing to bring a claim, and whether the Muskers have any defenses or immunities as government employees (assuming they even are, as early reports suggested that some may have just been volunteers, although perhaps that situation has since changed).

That latter issue will be set aside for now, as it may take more analysis to consider what defenses might be available for ostensible government employees. On the other hand, it seems likely that the law reaches rogue employees, or else there might be no law that could, and their government employment would provide no defense or immunity to any personal liability (even if it might afford them a government lawyer to assist with the defense, which is another question requiring more analysis).

But it’s that issue of personal liability that makes the CFAA such an intriguing option as a potential defense against DOGE’s illegitimate attack on the nation’s computer systems. True, the CFAA is a criminal law, and the DOJ is free to prosecute, but no one is expecting the DOJ under Trump and Bondi to take that initiative, plus Trump might also attempt to flex his pardoning power again, even if they did.

But CFAA claims can be brought by others with recognized claims of harm, and potentially also others, like organizations and states, who can stand in for those with those claims of harm.  As it is we see the states in their current lawsuit describe how the harm Musk’s control of the Treasury Department’s computers to individuals in those states portends a harm to the states themselves, and these arguments seem extensible to CFAA claims as well.

It is important to note though that (so far) this TRO applies only to DOGE’s incursion on Treasury’s systems, and not OPM’s, USAID’s, or any of the others DOGE has compromised already (or set its sights on). But (a) if the states’ argument could prevail to get Musk and Co. out of this system, it could probably prevail in litigation regarding these other systems, and (b) the intrusion into Treasury’s systems, with all its sensitive financial information, has probably required that most Americans if not all get credit monitoring services, at minimum. In which case there should be plenty of plaintiffs with plenty of damages to claim collectively, even if just in small amounts individually because in aggregate it will be millions, if not more.

It is this potential that may provide some leverage against Musk and his minions and what really to watch for. Because while Trump, and even Musk, can talk big, they need people willing to do their bidding. If those people can become scared of the consequences of complying with their bosses’ demands then perhaps they will think twice.  Finding an avenue to make them scared thus is important to do so that we can regain the leverage we need to take back our country from them.  After all, it’s the government of the people, by the people, for the people, and we the people, all the people, are supposed to be the boss.