Vitalik Buterin Warns, Quantum Computers Could Break Crypto by 2040

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Ethereum co-founder Vitalik Buterin has raised fresh concerns about the future of cryptography in the age of quantum computing. Vitalik warns that quantum computers could break today’s cryptography by around 2040, with roughly a 20% chance that this could happen before 2030.

Why Quantum Matters for Crypto

Cryptography isn’t just about passwords or private emails, it secures the entire digital economy. From online banking to cryptocurrency wallets and smart contracts, all rely on algorithms designed to resist attacks from classical computers. 

A powerful quantum machine could, however, crack these defenses far faster, putting everything from financial assets to personal data at risk.

Ian Miers Raises the Concern of Soundness

Ian Miers explained that the real issue isn’t just the possibility of a future attacker decrypting old data. Instead, the deeper concern is soundness, ensuring that cryptographic systems, including blockchains, remain trustworthy even against the power of quantum computing.

Lack of market certainly would prevent it if nothing else.

I'm not sure quantum changes that short term, or needs to: You have non-stark PQ schemes (e.g., ligero). And Groth16 etc are statistically zero-knowledge, so they should be post quantum private(not sound) IIRC.

— Ian Miers (@secparam) August 27, 2025

He pointed out that STARKs, a cryptographic proof system, may be pushed to evolve into more zero-knowledge (zk) structures. This shift could come as they compete with post-quantum sound and zk schemes, but he left an open question: Will those incentives be enough to ensure long-term safety?

Vitalik Buterin Brings Forecasts Into the Conversation

Responding to Miers, Vitalik Buterin highlighted predictions from forecasting platform Metaculus. According to its data, the median estimate for when quantum computers could break today’s cryptography is 2040, though there is about a 20% chance this happens before 2030.

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This reminder underscores that while the threat may not feel immediate, it’s close enough on the horizon to demand serious attention today.

Metaculus's median date for when quantum computers will break modern cryptography is 2040:https://t.co/Li8ni8A9Ox

Seemingly about a 20% chance it will be before end of 2030.

— vitalik.eth (@VitalikButerin) August 27, 2025 Building a Post-Quantum Future

Despite the risks, the crypto community is not standing still. Researchers are already working on post-quantum cryptography, new algorithms designed to survive quantum attacks. 

At the same time, zk-proofs and STARKs continue to evolve, showing promise for more resilient systems.

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Quantum computers could break the cryptography securing blockchains and digital wallets by 2040, with a 20% chance it happens before 2030, risking all digital assets.

What does ‘soundness’ mean in quantum crypto?

Soundness ensures cryptographic systems like blockchains remain trustworthy and secure even against the superior processing power of future quantum computers.

How is the crypto community preparing?

Researchers are developing post-quantum cryptography and advancing zero-knowledge proof systems like STARKs to create quantum-resistant algorithms and blockchains.

Are current cryptocurrencies quantum-safe?

No. Current crypto like Bitcoin and Ethereum rely on classical cryptography. The community is actively working on post-quantum solutions to future-proof digital assets.